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(1) Any person who parks here without permission will be fined.
park (Vi.) ; （一時）駐車する（Weblio）
fine (Vt.) ; "to make someone pay money as a punishment" (Longman) ，「罰金を課する」。したがって、be fined で「罰金を課される」。
She was fined for speeding.
(2) The fiscal policy the government announced last week aims at stimulating consumption.
(3) This is the new business which he is considering investing in.
invest A in B ; A を B に投資する
He invested his money in stocks and bonds.
（彼はお金を株と証券に投資した。）
(4) I heard about the animal shelter through a friend whose pet dog was also adopted from there.
animal shelter; "a building where animals that have nowhere to live or that are in danger can stay and receive help"「動物保護施設」
adopt ; 引き取る、採用する
(5) Italy is a country which I've always wanted to visit.
(6) What impressed me most about Simon was his loyalty to his country.
(7) The man who I thought was a secretary turned out to be the company president.
I thought は挿入で、who は was に続く。
Ahead of me I saw a woman who I thought was my aunt.
（前方に私のおばさんと思われる人を見た）
The boy who I thought was honest deceived me twice.
（正直者だと思っていた少年が私を二度もだました）
(8) The government announced a hike in the tobacco tax. That's why he decided to give up smoking.
先行詞 the reason が省略された形。
That's why Judy was absent from school yesterday.
（そういうわけでジュディーは昨日学校を休んだ）
ここでの hike は "a large increase in prices, wages, taxes etc [= rise]" (Longman)「（給料・物価などの）引き上げ」の意味。
(9) This is the way how they persuaded the management to approve the proposal.
This is how my father fixed his old bicycle.
（このようにして父は自分の古い自転車を修理した）
persuade someone to do；人を説き伏せて〜させる
management；不可算名詞。ここでは「経営陣」「経営者側」の意味。
approve；〜を承認する、〜に賛成する
(10) No one wanted to go on the field trip, which disappointed the organizer.
disappointed the organizer の主語は、空所の前にある内容全体を指す。非制限用法のwhichは句・節・文の内容を先行詞として，「そしてそのことは」の意味になる。which 以降は，and disappointed the organizer と同意。
Betty went shopping with her sister and didn't come home till ten o'clock, which made her parents angry.
（ベティは姉と一緒に買い物にでかけ、10時までに帰宅しなかった。そのことで彼女の両親は怒った。）
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